States and communities in the Northeast are adopting goals and implementing policies to aggressively cut carbon emissions by the year 2050 in order to reduce the impacts of climate change.1 Given the urgency of climate stabilization, many states have also set more near-term carbon reduction goals. These ambitious goals, as shown in Table 1, require very significant changes in how we use energy in our everyday lives, as burning carbon in concentrated forms has been part of life since the industrial revolution.